Taxonomy of Innovation Systems: Heterogeneity of Innovation Structures from Graph Theory
Abstract
The article analyzes the theory of Innovation Systems (is), highlighting its heterogeneous nature and the influence of structural factors on countries’ innovation capacity. Using methodologies such as cluster analysis and graph theory, differentiated configurations are identified, reflecting significant inequalities in key variables such as funding, knowledge generation and use, and high-tech exports. It proposes a typology of systems: 1) systems with high knowledge generation capacities, 2) systems with strong funding and technological export focus, 3) systems oriented towards industrial innovation, and 4) learning systems, characterized by technological dependency and low integration. It concludes that science, technology, and innovation (sti) policies should be designed with these differences in mind, strengthening funding, actor articulation, and absorptive capacities to foster more inclusive innovation tailored to the specific needs of each context.
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